Which Purkinje image forms the dimmest visual image?

The Purkinje images are reflections of light from the surfaces of the eye's structures, such as the cornea and the lens. There are four Purkinje images, and they are denoted PS 1 through PS 4, each corresponding to reflections from different surfaces.

The dimmest image among these is PS 4, which is the reflection from the posterior surface of the lens. This image is typically less bright than the others because it is formed from a deeper structure within the eye, resulting in a less intense reflection compared to those formed by the cornea or the anterior lens surface.

The brightness of the Purkinje images is affected by factors such as the curvature of the reflective surface, the refractive index of the materials involved, and the angle at which light hits those surfaces. Since PS 4 reflects light from the inside of the eye, after passing through the lens, it loses intensity compared to the more direct reflections that produce PS 1 (corneal surface) and PS 2 (anterior surface of the lens).

In summary, PS 4 is the dimmest image because it arises from the most internal structure of the eye, resulting in a weaker reflected image compared to the others, which are generated from