According to Kollner's rule, which type of color defects do inner retina, optic nerve, and visual pathway diseases typically cause?

The correct answer is that inner retina, optic nerve, and visual pathway diseases typically cause red/green color defects. This is rooted in the physiology of color vision and the distribution of cone types in the retina. Red and green color vision primarily rely on the functioning of the L (long-wavelength) and M (medium-wavelength) cones. Disorders affecting the inner retina, optic nerve, or visual pathways can disrupt the pathways processing these wavelengths, leading to red/green color defects, commonly seen in conditions like optic neuritis or retinal diseases affecting the photoreceptors.

Kollner's rule highlights that specific types of color vision defects correlate with particular lesions in the visual pathways. While blue/yellow color defects typically arise from diseases impacting the outer retina or the retina's outer segment (which are responsible for short-wavelength sensitivity), red/green defects are more closely aligned with inner retinal and optic nerve pathologies. This distinction is crucial for diagnosing and understanding the underlying issues affecting color perception in patients.