NBEO Visual Perception Practice Exam

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• When the test field is set to 87 in the Nagel Anomaloscope, what does this indicate?
• Which visual phenomenon may cause a patient to see brief flashes of light in their vision?
• In the formula T = LA, what does 'L' stand for?
• What is the most common color deficiency in the US?
• What is the formula for the contrast of a grating?
• Which term describes the radiant intensity per projected area of a light source, used for extended sources?
• Which pathway is primarily responsible for saccadic suppression?
• What is the shift called that occurs as the illumination increases, causing longer wavelengths to appear brighter?
• Which Purkinje image forms a real and inverted image?
• Patients with which type of criteria are more likely to have a higher number of false positives?
• Do Isomers or Metamers have identical light wavelengths?
• What is the approximate half-life for cone photopigment regeneration?
• Which of the following are main color attributes described by the Munsell Color System?
• What term describes the transition point between the photopic and scotopic systems in dark adaptation?
• Which cells primarily utilize the Color Opponency theory of color vision?
• What color is associated with Standard Illuminant C illumination?
• Which of the following is NOT true regarding a ROC curve?
• Which Purkinje image is formed by the anterior lens?
• What does a high specificity value indicate about a diagnostic test?
• Which law computes the Just Noticeable Difference on a light adaptation curve?
• What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a S cone?
• Which method is typically used when determining a patient's color sensitivity?
• What is the spectral sensitivity peak of S cone?
• In Paracontrast masking, does the target or mask appear first?
• During dark adaptation, which photopigments regenerate first?
• Which type of color deficiency has poor color discrimination at wavelengths around 495 nm?
• Which wavelength of light is most effective for photoactivation of cones?
• Which law describes characteristics of metamers?
• What visual perception phenomenon is crucial for visual pathway understanding in optometry?
• Which of the following conditions is associated with a blue/yellow color defect according to Kollner's Rule?
• What does the Planckian locus represent on a chromaticity diagram?
• To achieve a match, a normal trichromat sets the test scale to approximately what value on the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• Which of the following is dealt with point sources and measured in candelas?
• Which value in the mixture field of the Nagel Anomaloscope corresponds to pure 670 nm?
• What does a high sensitivity value indicate about a diagnostic test?
• Which visual acuity method is an example of a forced choice method?
• Which type of color deficiency is likely to adjust the mixture setting higher than normal, closer to 73?
• When performing Hirschberg testing, which Purkinje image is generated?
• What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a rod?
• For chromaticity coordinates in the CIE color system, what does x + y + z equal?
• Which color vision theory is primarily utilized by the CIE color system?
• Deuteranopes are missing which photopigment?
• Which chromaticity point is closest to 700 nm for protanopes?
• Which term refers to luminous intensity per projected area of a light source?
• If a neutral density filter is placed over a patient's right eye, in which direction does the pendulum appear to move?
• Which type of color deficiency has poor color discrimination at wavelengths greater than 540 nm?
• Protanopes are missing which photopigment?
• How is illuminance expressed?
• For a tritanope, is the Copunctal point closer to 400nm or 700nm?
• In region 3 of a light adaptation curve, which law describes a slope of 1?
• What is the term for the difference in sensitivity between the scotopic and photopic systems at a given wavelength?
• What wavelength corresponds to the peak absorption of M cones?
• Which theory provides a mathematical basis for determining how a patient selects the signal from the noise during a test?
• In the retinal illumination formula, what does 'T' represent?
• As illumination increases, which wavelengths appear brighter?
• Which wavelength stimulus is NOT primarily involved in the Nagel Anomaloscope test?
• What is calculated by multiplying the sensitivity by the positive predictive value?
• In what context is ROC curve analysis particularly useful?
• In the context of color perception, what does the term 'Additive Color Mixing' refer to?
• Which of these describes how light behaves on a specular surface?
• What happens to the perception of colors for a Deuteranope when using the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• Which phase of adaptation is represented by the initial (upper left) portion of a dark adaptation curve?
• What term describes the probability that a test will accurately detect those patients with the disease?
• What is the approximate critical duration for the photopic system during temporal summation?
• What is the purpose of the method of constant stimuli?
• Which phenomenon is characterized by the appearance of streaks in the visual field when the eyes are mechanically stimulated?
• What are the two main theories that contribute to our perception of color vision?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 major characteristics that we describe color?
• Which of the following is NOT a color opponent channel according to the color opponency theory?
• What is a common characteristic of Pseudoisochromatic Plate tests?
• Which method is primarily used to evaluate the visual acuity of a patient?
• Which type of color deficiency is likely to adjust the mixture setting lower than normal, closer to 0?
• What is the primary effect of the Purkinje shift in vision?
• Which Purkinje image forms the dimmest visual image?
• Which of the following cone types is primarily responsible for color vision in well-lit conditions?
• Which photoreceptors have a higher threshold during the initial phase of dark adaptation?
• Which of the following is NOT true regarding X-chrom contact lenses?
• According to Kollner's rule, which type of color defects do inner retina, optic nerve, and visual pathway diseases typically cause?
• What is analogous to Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in terms of temporal perception?
• Which two color deficiencies can perceive a match between the fields in the mixture field range of 0-73?
• Which of the following settings would result in a brighter test field on the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• Which law quantifies the slope in region 2 of a light adaptation curve?
• What adjustment would a Protanope likely make if the mixture field is close to 0?
• Which wavelength is most desaturated for a patient with Tritanopia?
• What does a lower threshold indicate about sensitivity?
• What is the photopigment associated with a M cone?
• Which of the following defects are usually inherited? (Choose 2)
• Which color results from the highest color temperature?
• What does a higher threshold in photoreceptors indicate?
• What type of light source can enhance the visibility of white blood cells in the retinal capillaries?
• What type of color vision test is helpful for distinguishing red-green color deficiencies?
• What does a flatter ROC curve indicate about the signal's detectability?
• According to the Munsell Color Appearance System, what is Chroma most related to?
• What type of visual perception does the Trichromatic theory explain?
• What is the photopigment associated with a S cone?
• What type of summation allows for perception of visual stimuli over a longer duration?
• What is the constant for both Bloch's Law and Ricco's Law?
• Which of the following laws is implemented during light adaptation?
• What does the Color Opponency theory suggest?
• The term 'Just Noticeable Difference' refers to:
• According to the Stiles-Crawford effect, which rays are more likely to stimulate cone photoreceptors?
• Damage to which type of cones is most prevalent in early glaucomatous damage?
• What phenomenon describes the change in hue perception associated with a given wavelength of light as light intensity increases?
• How long does it typically take for a dark adaptation curve to reach the rod plateau?
• Which photoreceptor has a peak absorption at 507 nm?
• Purkinje Tree, Maxwell's spot, Haidinger's brush, Moore's lightning streaks, and Retinal phosphenes are all examples of which phenomenon?
• When describing surfaces, which is true of a Lambert surface?
• Which wavelength is most desaturated for a patient with Deuteranopia?
• Which of the following defects are usually acquired?
• Which of the following is NOT one of Grassman's Law for metamers?
• What is the stimulus that would MOST likely activate area V5 of the visual cortex?
• Which term describes the perception of light originating from within the human eye itself?
• What happens to sensitivity as illumination decreases?
• What is the approximate critical duration for the scotopic system during temporal summation?
• What is the primary reason for the scotopic system's strengths in dim lighting?
• Which aspect can significantly affect a patient's response during visual testing?
• What is the spectral sensitivity peak of L cone?
• Which phenomenon is most likely caused by a patient viewing a dim light in a dark room?
• How do we calculate the area of the pupil given the radius?
• What physiological process is directly affected by the Dowling-Rushton equation?
• According to Pulfrich's phenomenon, if a neutral density filter is placed over a patient's left eye, how will the pendulum appear to move?
• Light at which wavelength stimulates all 3 cone types?
• If a Protanope sets the mixture field to pure 670 nm, how will they set the test field?
• In the context of visual perception, what does TMTF stand for?
• Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Farnsworth D-15 color test?
• What is flowing within retinal capillaries that can be visualized by using a bright blue background and utilizing the entoptic phenomenon?
• Which Purkinje image is located behind the posterior lens?
• Which visual system has better spatial summation?
• Which CFF law states that a flickering light appears brighter than a steady light of the same average luminance?
• What is the highest value of Chroma according to the Munsell Color system?
• Which type of surface does a paper with a matte finish resemble more closely?
• For a protanope, is the Copunctal point closer to 400nm or 700nm?
• What does the CIE color system primarily utilize for matching monochromatic light?
• Which phenomenon is most likely caused by vitreous syneresis and traction on the peripheral retina?
• A Deuteranope will set the test scale to approximately which value on the Nagel Anomaloscope to achieve a match?
• Which of the following will NOT have any saturation neutral points?
• A blurred lens will result in poor image contrast particularly at which frequencies?
• Which type of Bipolar cells do NOT have color opponency?
• In visual testing, what does a false positive indicate?
• Which cone type has its peak absorption at 557 nm?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding the interaction of luminance and CFF?
• What is the most common type of achromatopsia?
• The false positive rate is calculated as 1 minus which value?
• Which cell in the visual pathway primarily utilizes the Trichomacy theory of color vision?
• Which of the following will see images redder compared to a normal trichromat?
• What is the term for the probability that the patient has the disease if the test result is positive?
• What is the relationship between intensity and area regarding radiance?
• Which of the following will see images greener compared to a normal trichromat?
• What type of inheritance pattern typically describes color blindness?
• Will a patient with lax criteria fall on the upper right or lower left of an ROC curve?
• According to Kollner's rule, what type of color defects do outer retinal diseases typically cause?
• A patient has a high frequency cutoff of 20 cycles per degree on the CSF. What is the patient's Snellen acuity?
• Which phenomenon is most likely caused by mechanical rubbing of the eyes or secondary to neural noise?
• Patients with which type of criteria are more likely to have a higher number of false negatives?
• What type of vision do rods primarily contribute to?
• Which type of photoreceptors is more sensitive during the initial phase of a dark adaptation curve?
• What is the photochromatic interval value at 650 nm?
• _______________ lines on a CIE diagram are lines in the x-y plane along which all colors are indistinguishable.
• What is the term for the imaginary colors that appear at each Copunctal point in the CIE diagram?
• Which function is primarily based on percentage modulation?
• Which Purkinje image represents the posterior lens?
• Bloch's Law is associated with which type of summation?
• Which factor is crucial for evaluating the efficiency of adaptation in vision systems?
• Which of the following tests can detect blue-yellow and red-green deficiencies?
• What does 'A' represent in the retinal illumination formula T = LA?
• In low light conditions, which system is primarily utilized for vision?
• Which of the following is NOT true regarding Ishihara testing?
• Tritanopes are missing which photopigment?
• When considering visual acuity, what do high spatial frequencies represent?
• Which term describes the radiant power in a given direction for a point source?
• What is the main cause of a low frequency cutoff of the CSF?
• What is the peak sensitivity of the photopic luminous efficiency function?
• Which law describes the relationship of a stimulus area that is below the threshold for spatial summation?
• What is the most common inheritance pattern for hereditary color defects?
• Which parameter is used to quantify the effectiveness of a light source in generating visible light?
• Which type of color deficiency is characterized by the inability to distinguish between red and green?
• What are visual percepts called that originate from the eye itself instead of an external object?
• What does a value of 0 represent in the test field of the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• What wavelength is recognized as least saturated in normal trichromats?
• Which wavelength is the most desaturated for a patient with Protanopia?
• Which term is defined as a ratio on a chromaticity diagram represented as a/(a+b)?
• Which CFF law states that a stimulus flickering at a frequency greater than CFF will have the same brightness as a non-flickering light with the same luminance?
• What type of light is primarily used when evaluating visual acuity in scotopic conditions?
• Haidinger's brush is attributed to what property of Henle’s fiber layer in the macula?
• Which measure is primarily related to evaluating light sources' brightness?
• What is the peak sensitivity of the scotopic luminous efficiency function?
• What is the peak wavelength discrimination for a protanope or deuteranope?
• What characteristic ensures the visual distinction of the Purkinje images?
• What are two main reasons that humans have a high frequency contrast cutoff?
• Which visual phenomenon is associated with transient changes in visual perception?
• At which wavelength (in nm) is the rod-cone break absent due to equal sensitivity of photopic and scotopic systems?
• What is another name for photopigment found in rod photoreceptors?
• What phenomenon illustrates the appearance of retinal blood vessels as viewed by the eye itself?
• Which CFF law states that the high frequency CFF corresponds linearly with the log of retinal illumination?
• A normal trichromat sets the mixture scale to approximately what value on the Nagel Anomaloscope to achieve a match?
• Which statement is NOT true regarding an interference filter?
• What does Rico's Law state about photons for a stimulus?
• What is the half-life for the regeneration of rod photopigment (rhodopsin)?
• What is the unit of measurement for Retinal Illumination?
• Which visual system has a larger critical diameter during spatial summation?
• Which cone type has a peak sensitivity of around 520 nm?
• At which wavelength is there an equal sensitivity point for photopic and scotopic systems?
• Which Purkinje image results solely from reflection?
• What best describes the wavelengths with optimal perception in individuals with normal color vision?
• If the mixture field is set to pure 546 nm by a Protanope, how will they adjust the test field?
• Which techniques are most negatively impacted by a patient's anticipation? (Choose 2)
• What type of filter transmits all wavelengths equally to minimize color distortion?
• Both photopic and scotopic systems are active under which conditions?
• What aspect of vision is notably affected in scotopic conditions?
• Which system is primarily engaged in low-light environment vision?
• What happens to flicker perception as light intensity increases?
• Is the color at each Copunctal point real or imaginary in the CIE diagram?
• Which type of color vision deficiency affects the blue-yellow vision spectrum?
• Which visual system has better temporal summation?
• What effect does peripheral retina have on flicker detection compared to the central retina?
• Which visual system has greater sensitivity overall?
• What is indicated by the term ‘luminance’?
• In practical terms, which visual system is best at low light detection?
• What is the wavelength stimulus of the test field for Nagel Anomaloscope?
• What are two visual stimuli that are physically different but appear identical due to eliciting the same response in all 3 cone photoreceptors?
• What value indicates pure 546 nm in the mixture field of the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• Which color vision deficiency would be affected negatively by peaks near 495 nm?
• The point where the color confusion lines converge on a chromaticity diagram is known as what?
• Which Purkinje image corresponds to the posterior cornea?
• For the scotopic system, what is the lumens per watt at the peak sensitivity of 507 nm?
• Did Hering describe the Trichromatic theory or Opponent Color theory of color vision?
• What distinguishes a deuteranope from a protanope in color testing?
• What is plotted on the Y-axis of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve?
• What phenomenon is responsible for the crowding effect observed in patients with amblyopia?
• What is the unit of measurement for Radiant power?
• What are two main examples of Pseudoisochromatic Plate tests that are used clinically to test color vision?
• What is the unit of measurement for Luminous power?
• When shining a light onto the retina, what do we perceive that mimics the shadows of retinal blood vessels?
• According to Weber's Fraction, which visual system is more sensitive to contrast?
• Which of the following is considered a Type 2 error when applying Signal Transduction Theory?
• What is the spectral sensitivity peak of M cone?
• Which CFF law indicates that the high frequency CFF increases as the stimulus area is increased?
• How is color vision determined?
• Which visual system is most sensitive in low-light conditions?
• Individuals with which deficiency would likely confuse reds and greens?
• What is the probability that the patient does not have the disease if the test result is negative?
• What does the Principle of Univariance state?
• What does peak sensitivity refer to in the context of luminous efficiency?
• Which term describes the radiant power per unit area of surface that reaches a surface?
• Which characteristic describes the intensity of a color in the Munsell Color Appearance System?
• What is the photopigment associated with a L cone?
• Which factor affects the brightness of the Purkinje images observed?
• What is the only approved lighting for color vision testing?
• What effect does a high frequency contrast cutoff have on visual perception?
• Which type of filter is specified by its peak wavelength and half-height bandwidth?
• What is the relationship between luminance and illumination for a Lambert surface?
• After cataract surgery, which type of chromatopsia may occur due to the removal of the yellow filter?
• Which type of cones are absent in the fovea?
• Which option is considered poor in Photopic vision?
• A patient has a Snellen acuity of 20/100. What is their contrast sensitivity in terms of cycles per degree?
• What is the primary function of Midget bipolar cells in color vision?
• What color spot does a patient see when performing Maxwell's spot?
• Under which type of conditions do both photopic and scotopic systems operate?
• Cones photoreceptors are most sensitive to rays of light that strike which orientation to the surface?
• Which statement is NOT true regarding the Parvocellular pathway compared to the Magnocellular pathway?
• Which characteristic of flicker perception is affected by stimulus duration in visual tasks?
• For the photopic system, how many lumens per watt are produced at the peak sensitivity of 555 nm?
• Which condition leads to a reduced sensitivity to red light?
• In relation to light adaptation, which law would not apply?
• Which type of filter essentially only transmits a single wavelength?
• What is the primary function of the Magnocellular pathway?
• Which is more associated with how we perceive light?
• Which value represents the proportion of actual positives correctly identified by the test?
• Which term describes individuals with a normal number of cones but altered color perception?
• Will a patient with strict criteria fall on the upper right or lower left of an ROC curve?
• The false negative rate is calculated as 1 minus which value?
• Is Ricco's law related to spatial or temporal summation?
• Hereditary color deficiencies are more frequently observed in which gender?
• Which visual system displays better temporal resolution?
• Which of the following is a well known exception to Kollner's Rule because it tends to cause more Blue/Yellow defects compared to Red/Green color defects?
• Which equation describes the process of dark adaptation?
• What term describes the ability to distinguish colors due to different wavelengths of light?
• What is the term for the fading of stationary objects due to lateral inhibition?
• Which type of filter allows only a small range of wavelengths to pass through?
• Which visual phenomenon occurs when two colors appear similar under certain lighting but different under another?
• Which of the following is NOT a property of Grassman's Law?
• Do Protanopes experience the dimming effect of longer wavelengths in the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• Which Purkinje image is created by the anterior cornea?
• Which color is associated with the highest color temperature?
• What is the highest value of Value according to the Munsell Color system?
• What type of color defect would optic neuritis most likely cause according to Kollner's Rule?
• What type of visual processing is Ricco's law associated with?
• What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a L cone?
• The value that indicates the likelihood of getting a positive test result given the presence of the disease is known as?
• Which type of vision relates to the density of photoreceptors being finite?
• What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a M cone?
• Which image corresponds to the anterior lens in the Purkinje image system?
• Which form of lighting can NOT be used for color vision testing?
• Which type of filter transmits only long wavelengths leading to altered color perception?
• Which Purkinje image produces the brightest visual image?
• Which of the following is a type of hereditary color deficiency?
• Which color vision deficiency can be present without genetic inheritance?
• Which visual system exhibits superior spatial resolution?
• Which visual perception condition can lead to aberrations in color discrimination rather than a complete loss?
• What method is mainly used to determine the dark adaptation of a patient?
• Which two color deficiencies will perceive a match at one exact mixture field setting in the Nagel Anomaloscope?
• Which wavelengths have the best wavelength discrimination in a normal trichromat?
• What is the colorimetric purity of a color when no white light is added to it?
• A shiny piece of silver is an example of which surface type?
• Which measurement is given in Lux or Foot-candles?
• According to the Munsell Color Appearance System, what is Value most related to?
• Imaginary primaries in the CIE color system are used to avoid negative values and are also called what?
• What measurement is used for luminous intensity?
• At what wavelength does the photopic system have the greatest sensitivity?
• During the dark adaptation process, when do rod photopigments primarily regenerate?
• In a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, what is plotted on the X-axis?
• What effect describes the sensitivity of cone photoreceptors to rays of light that strike orthogonally to the surface?
• What is the photopigment associated with a rod?
• The ability to see colors is primarily a function of which visual system?
• A surface that scatters light unequally in all directions is known as a ___________ surface?
• Which method is used for performing a Humphrey Visual Field test?
• As illumination decreases, which wavelengths appear brighter?
• What is considered a Type 1 error when applying Signal Transduction Theory?
• What is the outcome when a stimulus exceeds the critical flicker frequency?
• As threshold increases, what happens to sensitivity?
• A surface with uniform luminance from all viewing angles is referred to as what type of surface?
• Which phenomenon describes the enhanced perception of color contrast under bright lighting conditions?
• Did Young Helmholtz describe the Trichromatic theory or Opponent Color theory of color vision?
• Which pathway primarily processes motion in the visual system?
• Which areas of the visual cortex are MOST associated with motion detection?
• Which of the following is not a primary function of the photopic system?
• Which of the following techniques is least likely used clinically during an optometric exam?
• Which law is NOT related to Critical Flicker Fusion?
• Which CFF law states that light flashes above threshold appear the brightest when they last for 50-100ms?
• What term represents the probability that the test will accurately detect those patients without the disease?
• Which visual disorder is primarily associated with the loss of the Magnocellular pathway?
• Which wavelength is the most desaturated for monochromatic light in a normal trichromat?
• Which of the following does NOT utilize entoptic phenomenon?
• What type of color defect would macular degeneration most likely cause according to Kollner's Rule?
• What is defined as the minimum amount of a variable that an individual can detect 50% of the time?
• What is the formula for Retinal Illumination?
• What is the primary application of DeVries-Rose Law?
• In Metacontrast masking, does the target or mask appear first?
• In the Nagel Anomaloscope, what does a mixture field value of approximately 45 indicate for normal color vision?
• Which of the following tests can be used to distinguish anomalous trichromats from dichromats?
• Which system is more effective for detecting fast-moving stimuli?